Union Executive LegislatureUnion Executive Legislature

Comprises the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, and the Attorney General of India.

• Article 52 - The President of India: Head of the State and the first citizen of India. Executive power of the Union is vested in him and exercised directly or through subordinate officers per Article 53.
• Article 63 - The Vice-President of India: Acts as the ex-officio Chairman of the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) under Article 64 and discharges presidential functions during casual vacancies.
• Article 74 & 75 - Prime Minister and Council of Ministers: There shall be a Council of Ministers with the PM at the head to aid and advise the President. PM is appointed by the President, and other ministers are appointed on PM's advice.
• Article 76 - Attorney General of India: Highest law officer of the country, appointed by the President. Must be qualified to be appointed as a Judge of the Supreme Court. Has the right to speak in both Houses of Parliament.
• Veto Powers of the President (Article 111): Includes Absolute Veto (withholding assent), Suspensive Veto (returning a bill for reconsideration except Money Bills), and Pocket Veto (taking no action, exercised by President Zail Singh in 1986).

The supreme legislative body of India consisting of the President, Rajya Sabha, and Lok Sabha.

• Article 79 - Constitution of Parliament: Parliament for the Union shall consist of the President and two Houses: the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and the House of the People (Lok Sabha).
• Article 80 & 81 - Composition of Houses: Rajya Sabha max strength is 250 (currently 245; 12 nominated by President). Lok Sabha max strength is 552 (currently 543 elected; Anglo-Indian nomination removed via 104th Amendment Act, 2019).
• Article 100 - Voting in Houses and Quorum: All questions are determined by a majority of votes of members present and voting, other than the Chairman or Speaker. Quorum is one-tenth (1/10th) of the total members of each House.
• Article 105 - Powers, Privileges of Parliament: Provides freedom of speech in Parliament and immunity from court proceedings for anything said or any vote given by a member in Parliament or committees thereof.
• Article 108 - Joint Sitting of Both Houses: Summoned by the President in case of deadlock over a bill. Presided over by the Speaker of Lok Sabha. Not applicable to Money Bills or Constitutional Amendment Bills.

Rules and steps governing how ordinary, money, financial, and constitutional amendment bills become acts.

• Article 107 - Ordinary Bills: Can originate in either House of Parliament. Requires a simple majority of members present and voting in both Houses. Lapses if Lok Sabha dissolves while pending.
• Article 110 - Definition of Money Bill: Contains provisions only dealing with taxation, borrowing, Consolidated Fund of India, etc. Certified exclusively by the Speaker of Lok Sabha.
• Article 109 - Special Procedure for Money Bills: Can only be introduced in Lok Sabha on the recommendation of the President. Rajya Sabha has a maximum of 14 days to return it with or without recommendations.
• Article 112 - Annual Financial Statement (Budget): Statement of estimated receipts and expenditure of the Government of India for a financial year, presented by the Finance Minister.
• Article 368 - Constitutional Amendment Bills: Can originate in either House without prior presidential recommendation. Requires special majority in each House separately; no joint sitting is allowed.

Instruments used by legislators to raise matters of public importance, check executive actions, and control public finance.

• Question Hour (प्रश्नकाल): First hour of a parliamentary sitting. Starred questions (oral answers, supplementary allowed), Unstarred questions (written answers, no supplementary), and Short Notice questions.
• Zero Hour (शून्यकाल): An Indian parliamentary innovation dating from 1962. Starts immediately after Question Hour without prior notice to raise matters of urgent public importance.
• Motions of No-Confidence and Censure: No-Confidence Motion (Rule 198) can only be moved in Lok Sabha against the entire Council of Ministers and requires 50 supporting members. Censure motion can be moved against individual/group of ministers.
• Cut Motions in Budget: Disapproval of Policy Cut (reduces demand to Re. 1), Economy Cut (reduces demand by a specified amount), and Token Cut (reduces demand by Rs. 100) to ventilate grievances.