Behaviouralism

Rationale: Behaviouralism emerged in the 1960s as a critique of quantitative spatial science's strict positivism and unrealistic assumption that humans act with perfect rationality (Economic Man).

Rationale: Herbert Simon formulated the concept of bounded rationality and satisficing, arguing that decision-makers lack the capacity and resources to optimize, so they settle for satisfactory choices.

Rationale: Kevin Lynch identified paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks as the five elements of mental maps. Isohyets are meteorological contour lines, not urban mental map elements.

Rationale: Julian Wolpert applied behaviouralism to migration, arguing that migration is triggered when place utility falls below a critical stress threshold, evaluated via mental maps.

Rationale: Yi-Fu Tuan popularized 'Topophilia' in his 1974 book, defining it as the affective bond between people and physical place or environment.

Rationale: Despite its name, behavioural geography borrows more from cognitive psychology, focusing on information processing, mental maps, and environmental perception rather than strict stimulus-response behaviorism.

Rationale: A mental map is subjective, non-cartographic, and reflects an individual's internal cognitive perception and biases regarding geographic space.

Rationale: Behavioural geographers use qualitative and quantitative survey methods, sketch maps, and structured interviews to capture subjective perceptions and attitudes.

Rationale: Activity space represents the routine spatial extent of an individual's daily life, including home, work, shopping, and recreation areas.

Rationale: Behavioural geography bridged quantitative science and humanistic/radical geography, with humanistic geography expanding on its subjective focus and radical geography critiquing its neglect of structural political-economic forces.

Rationale: Peter Gould and Rodney White co-authored 'Mental Maps' (1974), analyzing how people evaluate spatial preferences and places across regions and countries.

Rationale: Neoclassical theories relied on unrealistic assumptions of perfect knowledge and pure profit-maximization, which behavioural geographers showed do not match real-world decision-making.

Rationale: Place utility refers to the net composite of satisfactions and dissatisfactions an individual associates with a specific residential location or environment.

Rationale: Humanistic geography shares behaviouralism's focus on human consciousness, experience, and agency, though humanistic approaches lean more toward phenomenology and existentialism.

Rationale: Hägerstrand's time-geography models individual life paths through space and time under biological, social, and technological constraints.

Rationale: Behavioural studies show that consumers do not always follow strict spatial proximity rules (like Central Place Theory); habit, perception, and brand image lead them to bypass closer options.

Rationale: The behavioural revolution occurred during the mid-to-late 1960s as a reaction against the extremes of the Quantitative Revolution.

Rationale: In Wolpert's model, when dissatisfaction surpasses a stress threshold, the individual actively searches for alternative locations based on their mental map.