Development

Rationale: Amartya Sen formulated the capabilities approach, which links human development to expanding the actual capabilities and freedoms that people enjoy, shifting focus from pure income to human agency.

Rationale: The first Human Development Report was published in 1990 by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), largely steered by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq and Indian economist Amartya Sen.

Rationale: Rostow's 5 stages strictly progress from Traditional Society to Pre-conditions for Take-off, then Take-off into self-sustained growth, followed by Drive to Maturity, and finally the Age of High Mass Consumption.

Rationale: Gunnar Myrdal introduced the theory of circular and cumulative causation in his 1957 work 'Economic Theory and Under-developed Regions' to explain persistent regional disparities.

Rationale: The Welfare Approach treats human beings as beneficiaries or targets of development programs provided by the state, whereas the capabilities approach views them as active agents of change.

Rationale: Myrdal and Friedmann refer to the negative suction of resources, capital, and skilled labor from the periphery to the core as the backwash effect.

Rationale: The World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland Commission) published 'Our Common Future' in 1987, formalizing the concept of sustainable development.

Rationale: HDI relies on three dimensions: health (life expectancy), education (mean and expected years of schooling), and standard of living (GNI per capita). Carbon emissions are not a component of standard HDI.

Rationale: Albert Hirschman argued against balanced growth, contending that deliberate unbalanced growth creates tensions and incentives that foster strategic economic development.

Rationale: The Gender Inequality Index (GII), introduced in 2010, captures the loss of achievement due to gender inequality across reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market participation.

Rationale: The Club of Rome published 'The Limits to Growth' in 1972, modeled by the System Dynamics Group at MIT, warning about exponential economic and population growth with finite resource supplies.

Rationale: The income approach is one of the oldest approaches, assuming that the level of income determines the level of freedom and choices available to individuals in a society.

Rationale: Paul Rosenstein-Rodan proposed the Big Push theory in 1943, suggesting that a massive, coordinated investment program is required across multiple sectors to overcome underdevelopment.

Rationale: French economist Francois Perroux introduced the growth pole (pôle de croissance) concept in 1955, focusing on abstract economic space and propulsive industries.

Rationale: Ecodevelopment stresses development that is ecologically sound, tailoring management strategies to specific local ecosystems and long-term sustainability.

Rationale: Agenda 21 was a non-binding action plan of the United Nations regarding sustainable development, produced at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992.

Rationale: A dualistic economy features a modern, capital-intensive sector coexisting alongside a traditional, subsistence sector with minimal economic integration, characteristic of many developing nations.

Rationale: Morris David Morris developed the PQLI in the mid-1970s, combining infant mortality, life expectancy at age one, and basic literacy into a composite index ranging from 1 to 100.