Hypertension is categorized primarily into essential (primary) hypertension, which accounts for 90-95% of all cases with no single identifiable organic cause, and secondary hypertension, driven by distinct renal or endocrine pathologies. Within health psychology, essential hypertension is conceptualized as a quintessential psychophysiological disorder wherein chronic psychosocial stress, emotional reactivity, and behavioral patterns interact with physiological predispositions to sustain elevated blood pressure (Systolic ≥ 140 mmHg, Diastolic ≥ 90 mmHg).
- Friedman and Rosenman's Type A Behavior Pattern (TABP): Developed in the late 1950s and 1960s, this framework identifies competitive achievement strivings, time urgency, impatience, and hostility/anger as primary behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular disease and hypertension. Subsequent component analyses by Redford Williams and colleagues isolated cynical hostility as the toxic core directly precipitating sustained sympathetic arousal and vascular damage.
- Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS): Hans Selye's (1936, 1956) triphasic stress model (Alarm reaction, Resistance, and Exhaustion) underpins the physiological wear-and-tear hypothesis. Chronic resistance to persistent stressors leads to an overactive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sustained sympathoadromedullary (SAM) activation, culminating in vascular remodeling and chronic hypertension.
- Brunner and Reiser's Psychodynamic and Behavioral Frameworks: Early psychosomatic formulations viewed hypertension as a defense mechanism against repressed hostile impulses, where bottled-up anger chronically activates the vasomotor center without outward discharge.