Freud posited that personality develops through a fixed sequence of psychosexual stages (Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital), during which the libido (psychic sexual energy) focuses on specific erogenous zones. Fixation—getting stuck at a stage due to excessive gratification or frustration—shapes adult personality traits (e.g., anal-retentive or oral-aggressive personalities).
To manage internal anxiety caused by conflicts between the Id, Ego, and Superego, the Ego deploys unconscious defense mechanisms:
- Repression: Unconsciously banishing threatening thoughts or memories from consciousness.
- Rationalization: Creating socially acceptable explanations for unacceptable behaviors.
- Projection: Attributing one's own unacceptable impulses to others.
- Reaction Formation: Expressing the exact opposite of one's true, anxiety-producing feelings.
- Sublimation: Channeling unacceptable impulses into socially valued, productive activities (the only truly healthy mechanism according to classic theory).