Classical Hindu texts, specifically the Manusmriti, classify marriages into eight distinct forms based on the mode of bride acquisition: Brahma, Daiva, Arsha, Prajapatya (approved/sacred forms) and Asura, Gandharva, Rakshasa, Paisacha (unapproved/condemned forms). Anthropological and kinship studies by Irawati Karve (Kinship Organization in India, 1953) highlight how regional variations (North vs. South India) dictate rules of endogamy (caste/sub-caste) and exogamy (Gotra and Pravara).
- Hypergamy (Anuloma) and Hypogamy (Pratiloma): G.S. Ghurye and K.M. Kapadia extensively analyzed how classical texts permitted Anuloma (marriage of a higher caste male with a lower caste female) while strictly prohibiting Pratiloma (lower caste male with higher caste female) to maintain racial and ritual purity of the upper castes.
- Kinship Usages: Avoidance, joking relationships, and preferential marriages (such as cross-cousin marriage prevalent in South India) deeply shape the structural matrix of Hindu marital alliances.