The term 'Green Revolution' was coined in 1968 by William S. Gaud, administrator of the USAID, to describe the spectacular breakthrough in agricultural production achieved through the application of science and technology in developing nations. Etymologically, 'Green' signifies agrarian vitality and vegetative growth, while 'Revolution' denotes a rapid, structural, and profound transformation of traditional practices.
From a classical sociological perspective, the Green Revolution exemplifies the convergence of capitalist development (Karl Marx) and rationalization/modernization (Max Weber). Marxist theorists analyze it through the lens of the transition from feudal/semi-feudal agrarian relations to capitalist farming, where land becomes a commercial commodity and labor is commodified. Weberian perspectives emphasize the instrumental rationality of efficiency, calculation, and bureaucratic coordination injected into traditional peasant societies.
- Technological Package: Integration of HYV seeds (wheat and rice), chemical fertilizers, pesticides, controlled water supply (tubewells), and mechanization (tractors, threshers).
- Geographical Concentration: Initially implemented in regions with assured irrigation infrastructure—primarily Punjab, Haryana, and Western Uttar Pradesh (the wheat belt).