Etymologically, the term marriage is derived from the Latin word maritare (meaning to dispose of in marriage, or to wed), stemming from mas (male). Sociologically, marriage transcends mere biological mating; it is a socially sanctioned union between two or more individuals that establishes reciprocal rights and obligations.
- E.A. Westermarck: In his seminal work The History of Human Marriage (1891), Westermarck defined marriage as "a relation of one or more men to one or more women which is recognized by custom or law and involves certain rights and duties both in the case of the parties entering the union and in the case of the children born of it."
- Robert H. Lowie: Defined marriage as "a relatively permanent bond between permissible mates, sanctioned by society."
- MacIver and Page: In Society: An Introductory Analysis (1949), they define marriage as "a union of man and woman which involves the establishment of the rights and duties of husband and wife, and of parents and children."
- Functionalist Perspective (Émile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons): Marriage is viewed as a functional prerequisite for societal survival, maintaining social order, regulating sexual access, and socializing the young.