In the study of Indian society, religion is inextricably bound with the caste system, ritual purity, and cosmic moral order (Karma and Dharma). Unlike Western secular definitions, Indian religious traditions encompass complex cosmological frameworks and localized folk practices.
- M.N. Srinivas & Religion in Village India: Through his study of Rampura and his conceptualization of Sanskritization, Srinivas demonstrated how lower castes emulate the ritual, dietary, and religious practices (such as vegetarianism and sanskritic deity worship) of upper castes to elevate their social status.
- G.S. Ghurye: Emphasized the indological approach, detailing the symbiotic relationship between Hindu religious philosophies, sectarian movements, and caste stratification, documented extensively in Caste and Race in India (1932) and Indian Sadhus (1953).
- Radhakamal Mukerjee: Developed a sociological theory of values, positing that religion provides the ultimate institutionalized values that integrate human personality with the cosmic and social order.
- Secularism in India (Sarva Dharma Sambhava): Unlike Western secularism characterized by the strict wall of separation between Church and State, Indian secularism implies equal respect for all religions and state intervention for social reform (e.g., Hindu Code Bills, abolition of untouchability).