Etymologically, the term poverty originates from the Old French word poverte (derived from Latin paupertas, meaning poor or of little means). In classical sociology, poverty is not merely viewed as an individual failure or a purely economic deficit, but as a structural product of societal organization, stratification, and the unequal distribution of resources and power.
- Karl Marx (1818–1883): Viewed poverty as an inevitable consequence of capitalist production relations. In Das Kapital (1867) and The Communist Manifesto (1848), Marx argued that the polarization of society into the bourgeoisie (owners of the means of production) and the proletariat (wage laborers) generates relative impoverishment and structural alienation.
- Max Weber (1864–1920): In Economy and Society (1922), Weber expanded stratification beyond economic class to include status (social honor) and party (political power). Poverty is conceptualized within a multi-dimensional framework where individuals lacking market capacity experience profound life-chances deprivation.
- Émile Durkheim (1858–1917): Addressed poverty implicitly through the lens of anomie and the abnormal forms of the division of labour, such as the 'forced division of labour', where institutional inequalities trap segments of the population in destitute roles without normative regulation or integration.