In the context of Indian society, conflict manifests through complex structural hierarchies such as caste, class, gender, religion, and regionalism. Indian sociology has systematically analyzed how traditional hierarchies intersect with modern democratic politics to generate new idioms of social conflict.
- M.N. Srinivas & Dominant Caste Conflict: Srinivas observed in his Rampura village studies that dominant castes (holding land, numerical strength, and ritual status) frequently engage in intense factional and inter-caste conflicts over political power and economic resources, which intensified following the introduction of adult franchise and Panchayati Raj.
- B.R. Ambedkar & Annihilation of Caste: In Annihilation of Caste (1936), Ambedkar diagnosed the Hindu social order as a graded system of inequalities. He argued that organic social solidarity is impossible without destroying the scriptural foundations of caste, positing that revolutionary structural conflict against Brahmanical hegemony is essential for modern civic emancipation.
- Andre Beteille's Caste, Class, and Power (1965): Beteille demonstrated how traditional overlapping hierarchies (where caste, class, and power coincided in Sripuram) became increasingly disjoined in modern India, leading to polycentric arenas of conflict where economic class and political power diverge from ritual caste hierarchy.
- Radhakamal Mukerjee & Social Values: Mukerjee analyzed social conflict as a maladjustment of institutionalized social values and economic arrangements, emphasizing the need for institutional ethics and welfare economics to resolve systemic structural disharmonies.