Analyzing social change in India requires examining both indigenous concepts and structural adaptations. M.N. Srinivas introduced foundational processes like Sanskritization (lower castes mimicking upper-caste lifestyles to elevate status), Westernization (impact of British rule on technology, dress, and values), and the concept of the Dominant Caste (castes wielding numerical strength, economic power, and political leverage, as seen in his Rampura village study).
Yogendra Singh, in Modernization of Indian Tradition (1973), argued that modernization in India does not entirely break away from tradition; rather, tradition and modernity interact dialectically. D.P. Mukerji emphasized the dialectical interplay of traditions (Tradition and Modernity, Diversities, 1958), urging Indian sociologists to study historical social change through the lens of internal contradictions and historical encounters.
- Linear vs. Non-linear Models: While Western sociological theories often conceptualized change as unilinear modernization, Indian sociological realities revealed cyclical, cumulative, and structural adaptation patterns.
- Structural Differentiation: Talcott Parsons explained social change via structural differentiation, where a multi-functional institution splits into specialized units (e.g., family losing economic production roles to specialized industrial institutions).