In the context of Indian society, socialization is intensely mediated by traditional institutions such as caste (Jati), joint family, kinship networks, and religious frameworks. Indian sociological pioneers have highlighted how socialization transmits both classical textual traditions and empirical vernacular practices.
G.S. Ghurye demonstrated how caste norms, purity-pollution concepts, and ritual obligations are ingrained during early childhood, ensuring the structural persistence of caste hierarchy. M.N. Srinivas, through his pioneering village studies in Rampura (documented in Religion and Society Among the Coorgs of South India, 1952), analyzed how concepts like Sanskritization alter the socialization trajectories of lower castes as they adopt upper-caste dietary, ritual, and lifestyle patterns. Furthermore, D.P. Mukerji emphasized the dialectic between tradition and modernity in Indian socialization, asserting that Indian personality formation cannot be understood without grasping the historical synthesis of multiple cultural streams (Hindu, Islamic, and Western).
Psychological and sociological theories of self-development are equally vital for UP PGT aspirants:
- Charles Horton Cooley: Proposed the 'Looking-Glass Self' theory in Human Nature and the Social Order (1902), arguing that our self-identity is a reflection of how we imagine others perceive us.
- George Herbert Mead: Elaborated the genesis of the self through stages (play stage and game stage), distinguishing between the 'I' (the active, spontaneous, impulsive creative self) and the 'me' (the internalized social expectations, or the generalized other) in Mind, Self, and Society (1934).
- Sigmund Freud: Provided a psychoanalytic model where socialization involves mediating between the biological drives of the Id, the moral constraints of the Superego, and the realistic negotiations of the Ego.