Jahangir (1605-1627): Son of Akbar, known as Prince Salim. His reign is considered the golden age of Mughal painting. He was a keen connoisseur of art and nature, fostering a unique blend of Persian and Indian styles.
Mughal Painting under Jahangir: Reached its zenith. Emphasis on naturalism, portraiture, flora, and fauna. Court artists like Ustad Mansur (master of animal and bird studies) and Abul Hasan (master of portraiture) flourished. Album making became prominent.
Shah Jahan (1628-1658): Son of Jahangir, known as Prince Khurram. His reign is widely regarded as the golden age of Mughal architecture, marked by the extensive use of white marble and the pietra dura technique.
Mughal Architecture under Shah Jahan: Characterized by grandeur, symmetry, and intricate inlay work (pietra dura). Key monuments include the Taj Mahal, Red Fort (Delhi), Jama Masjid (Delhi), and Shalimar Gardens (Lahore).
Aurangzeb (1658-1707): Son of Shah Jahan. His reign saw the largest territorial extent of the Mughal Empire but also sowed the seeds of its rapid decline due to his orthodox religious policies, prolonged Deccan wars, and administrative overstretch.
Mughal Painting & Architecture under Aurangzeb: Witnessed a significant decline. Aurangzeb was less interested in art; many artists migrated to provincial courts. Architectural output was minimal, with notable exceptions like the Badshahi Mosque (Lahore) and Bibi Ka Maqbara (Aurangabad).
Imperial Decline: A complex process initiated by factors like the Mansabdari and Jagirdari crises, Aurangzeb's religious policies (reimposition of Jizya, destruction of temples), prolonged and costly Deccan campaigns, rise of regional powers (Marathas, Sikhs, Jats), and a series of weak successors.