Key Personalities & Ideologiesप्रमुख व्यक्तित्व एवं विचारधाराएं

Explanation: Surendranath Bannerjee: Wrote 'A Nation in Making' (1925), documenting the early phase of nationalist agitation and Swadeshi movement. Mahatma Gandhi: Wrote 'Hind Swaraj' (1909) aboard the SS Kildonan Castle, critiquing modern western industrial civilization and outlining Satyagraha. Subhas Chandra Bose: Wrote 'The Indian Struggle' in Europe in two parts, analyzing Indian politics from 1920 to 1942. Lala Lajpat Rai: Authored 'Unhappy India', 'Young India', and his Urdu/English autobiographical memoirs.

Explanation: Congress President in 1947: Acharya J.B. Kripalani (resigned in Nov 1947; succeeded by Dr. Rajendra Prasad). Constituent Assembly President: Dr. Rajendra Prasad (Nehru was leader of the House and moved the historic 'Objectives Resolution' on 13 Dec 1946). UP Premier (1937): Govind Ballabh Pant headed the first Congress ministry in United Provinces with Rafi Ahmed Kidwai and K.N. Katju.

Explanation: Servants of India Society (1905): Founded by G.K. Gokhale in Pune to train national missionaries for the service of India. Gandhi's Political Guru: Gandhi dedicated his Gujarati book 'Dharmatma Gokhale' to him and traveled across India for one year on Gokhale's advice. Ranade's Disciple: Gokhale regarded Justice M.G. Ranade as his own guru. Welby Commission (1897): Exposed the unjust military and administrative charges burdening Indian taxpayers.

Explanation: Resignation in 1934: Gandhi resigned from primary membership of the Congress in October 1934 (Bombay Session). Where was Gandhi on 15 August 1947? In Calcutta (Beliaghata, Hydari Mansion), fasting and praying to douse communal fires, staying away from celebrations in New Delhi. 'One-Man Boundary Force': Lord Mountbatten famously hailed Gandhi as a 'One-Man Boundary Force' who kept peace in Bengal where 50,000 soldiers failed in Punjab.

Explanation: Theodore Beck: Spearheaded Anglo-Muslim alliance; founded United Indian Patriotic Association and Anglo-Oriental Defence Association alongside Sir Syed. Ilbert Bill Controversy (1883): European community's racist revolt ('White Mutiny') against Ripon's egalitarian measure opened Indian eyes to the necessity of an all-India political body (leading to INC in 1885). Badruddin Tyabji: First Muslim President of INC (1887, Madras); famously urged Indian Muslims to look upon Congress as their own national platform.

Explanation: Bose's Geopolitical Strategy: Applied the ancient Chanakyan principle: 'Enemy's enemy is a friend'. Contrast with Nehru and Gandhi: Gandhi and Nehru sympathized with democratic victims of fascist aggression (Poland, Britain, France), refusing to embarrass Britain dishonorably. The Great Escape (Jan 1941): Under house arrest in Calcutta, Bose escaped disguised as 'Ziauddin', traveling through Peshawar, Kabul, and Moscow to Berlin to organize the Free India Centre and Indian Legion.

Explanation: Dismissal of Surendranath Banerjea (1874): Grounded in racial prejudice against educated Indians in higher administrative positions. Creation of Indian Association (1876): Founded along with Anandamohan Bose in Calcutta to create an all-India political movement on civil service age limits. Indian Civil Service Agitation (1877): When Lord Salisbury lowered the ICS upper age limit from 21 to 19, Banerjea toured India (the first all-India political tour by an Indian) to organize public opinion.

Explanation: Drain of Wealth Theory: Propounded by Dadabhai Naoroji on 2 May 1867 in London before the East India Association in his paper 'England's Debt to India'. Calculation: Estimated per capita income at ₹20 per annum (1867–1868). First Asian British MP: Elected to the British House of Commons from Central Finsbury in 1892 on a Liberal ticket. Thrice Congress President: 1886 (Calcutta), 1893 (Lahore), and 1906 (Calcutta - where he first proclaimed 'Swaraj' as Congress's goal).

Explanation: Foundation of Muslim League (30 Dec 1906): Founded at Dacca during the All India Muhammadan Educational Conference by Nawab Salimullah, Mohsin-ul-Mulk, and Aga Khan III. Aims: Promote loyalty to the British Crown, protect Muslim political rights, and support the Partition of Bengal. Simla Deputation (1 Oct 1906): 35 Muslim aristocrats led by Aga Khan met Viceroy Lord Minto, demanding separate electorates and representation in excess of their population ratio.

Explanation: Formation Date: 3 May 1939 (formal first All-India Conference held at Bombay on 22 June 1939). First President: Subhas Chandra Bose (S.S. Cavesheer was Vice-President). Motto & Symbol: Leaping Tiger on a red background; motto: 'All Power to the Indian People'. Disciplinary Action: In August 1939, the CWC banned Bose from holding any elective office in Congress for three years for organizing protests against AICC resolutions.

Explanation: Fabian Society (Founded 1884): Named after Roman general Quintus Fabius Maximus 'Cunctator' (the delayer), advocating gradualism in socialist transformation. Annie Besant's Roles: Leading Fabian socialist in London $\rightarrow$ President of Theosophical Society (1907) $\rightarrow$ Founder of All India Home Rule League (1916) $\rightarrow$ First woman President of INC (Calcutta, 1917). Fabian Essays (1889): Besant authored the chapter 'Industry Under Socialism'.

Explanation: Acharya Kripalani (1888–1982): Longest-serving General Secretary of INC (1934–1945) and Congress President during Independence (1946–1947). Champaran Connection (1917): Welcomed Gandhi at Muzaffarpur railway station at midnight with college students unharnessing the carriage. Post-Independence Opposition: Resigned from Congress in 1951 to found the Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party (KMPP); moved the first-ever No-Confidence Motion against the Nehru government in Lok Sabha in August 1963.

Explanation: Al-Hilal (1912): Revolutionized Urdu journalism; preached composite Indian nationalism (Muttahidah Qaumiyat). Al-Balagh (1915): Succeeded Al-Hilal until Azad was interned at Ranchi under the Defence of India Regulations in 1916. Youngest Congress President: Presided over Special Delhi Session of INC in September 1923 at the age of 35. First Education Minister: Steered the establishment of UGC, IITs, Sahitya Akademi, and Lalit Kala Akademi.

Explanation: 'Unto This Last' (1860): Written by British art critic and social philosopher John Ruskin. Coinage of 'Sarvodaya': Gandhi coined the Gujarati word 'Sarvodaya' (Progress / Welfare of All) as the title for his paraphrase of Ruskin's book. Foundation of Phoenix Settlement (1904): 100-acre communal farm near Durban where every member earned equal monthly wages (£3) and worked on the Indian Opinion press.

Explanation: Independent Labour Party (1936): Fought on a class-based platform against Brahminical social oppression and capitalist/landlord exploitation. All India Scheduled Castes Federation (1942): Shifted focus to distinct political representation for Scheduled Castes; demanded separate settlements and separate electorates. Republican Party of India (RPI): Envisaged by Ambedkar before his death in 1956; formally formed by N. Sivaraj in October 1957. Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha (1924): Formed to 'Educate, Agitate, and Organize'.

Explanation: Poverty and Un-British Rule in India (1901): Masterpiece outlining Home Charges, remittances, civil/military pensions, and trade deficits constituting the drain. Bleeding India: Naoroji famously wrote: 'The drain consists of two elements — the first, arising from the foreign character of the administration; the second, that arising from the foreign exploitation of the country... It is not a simple drain, it is a vampire sucking our blood.' Political Neutrality on Social Reform: Emphasized that INC was a political body, not a social conference.

Explanation: Literary Works: Biographies of Mazzini, Garibaldi, Shivaji, Shrikrishna; 'Unhappy India' (1928); 'Young India' (1916). Organizations: Founded Servants of the People Society (Lok Sevak Mandal) in Lahore in 1921; helped establish Punjab National Bank (1894). First President of AITUC: Presided over the founding session of the All India Trade Union Congress in Bombay (October 1920). Historic Dying Declaration: 'Every blow aimed at me is a nail in the coffin of British imperialism.'

Explanation: Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru: Privy Councillor, eminent jurist, represented Liberals at all three Round Table Conferences; chaired the Sapru Committee on Constitutional Reform (1945). K.C. Neogy: Constituent Assembly member; Chairman of the First Finance Commission of India (1951–1953). P.C. Joshi: Pioneered the People's War policy for CPI during WWII and cultural mobilization through IPTA (Indian People's Theatre Association).

Explanation: Stateless Society Convergence: Both envision an egalitarian society free from the coercive force of the state. Divergence on Means:
• Marx: Ends justify the means; armed revolution, class warfare, dictatorship of the proletariat.
• Gandhi: 'Means are after all everything; as the means so the end'; pure non-violence (Ahimsa). Trusteeship vs. Expropriation: Gandhi urged the rich to consider their wealth as a trust for the poor; Marx demanded the violent expropriation of the expropriators.

Explanation: 'The Morning Song of India': English translation of Jana Gana Mana handwritten by Tagore at Madanapalle in February 1919. Musical Score: Set to music by Margaret Cousins at Madanapalle. First Public Singing of Original Song: 27 December 1911 at the Calcutta Session of the Indian National Congress. Adoption as National Anthem: Adopted officially by the Constituent Assembly on 24 January 1950.

Explanation: Yerwada Jail (1930): Gandhi spent his prison time translating Sanskrit and vernacular spiritual hymns into English for his British friends (including Mirabehn / Madeleine Slade). Tilak's Prison Work: 'Gita Rahasya' (Mandalay Jail, 1915). Nehru's Prison Work: 'The Discovery of India' (Ahmednagar Fort Jail, 1944).

Explanation: Tripuri Crisis (March 1939): Subhas Bose defeated Pattabhi Sitaramaiah by 1,580 to 1,377 votes for Congress Presidentship. Pant Resolution: Moved by Govind Ballabh Pant, binding Bose to appoint the Working Committee according to Gandhi's wishes. CSP Neutrality: CSP abstained from voting on the Pant resolution, breaking the Leftist majority and forcing Bose's resignation on 29 April 1939. Launch of Forward Bloc: Founded by Bose on 3 May 1939 to consolidate all Leftist anti-imperialist forces.