Kigali Agreement & Montreal Protocol Amendment: UPSC Notes मॉन्ट्रियल प्रोटोकॉल और किगाली संशोधन
UPSC notes on Kigali Agreement: the 2016 Montreal Protocol amendment, HFC phase-down, India's 2028 freeze and 85% reduction by 2047. UPSC पर्यावरण के लिए ओजोन-क्षयकारी पदार्थों, मॉन्ट्रियल प्रोटोकॉल के चरणबद्ध निष्कासन, किगाली संशोधन के HFC चरणबद्ध कमी, बहुपक्षीय कोष और भारत की भूमिका पर नोट्स।
Montreal Protocol And Kigali Agreement
The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of ozone-depleting substances (ODS), while the Kigali Amendment is its 2016 legally binding update to phase down hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) to mitigate global warming.
Importance in UPSCUPSC में महत्व
Frequent topic in Environment & Ecology (Prelims) and Climate Change Governance (Mains). It represents the most successful multilateral environmental agreement (MEA) and a model for climate diplomacy.
Learning Outcomesसीखने के परिणाम
- Master foundational concepts and mechanisms of Montreal Protocol And Kigali Agreement.
- Evaluate spatial distribution, institutional frameworks, and policy dimensions.
- Apply high-yield mnemonics to solve tricky Prelims and Mains questions.
Prerequisitesआवश्यक शर्तें
- Ozone depletion chemistry (CFCs, HCFCs)
- Greenhouse effect basics
- UNEP and UNFCCC institutional structure