Transformation rules from Active to Passive Voice across all tenses, modal verbs, imperatives, and interrogatives for UPSSSC PET.कर्तृवाच्य एवं कर्मवाच्य (Active & Passive Voice) पर UPSSSC PET की विस्तृत गाइड।
| Aspect | Key Details |
|---|---|
| Concept Definition (अवधारणा) | Active Voice (कर्तृवाच्य): Subject performs the action. Passive Voice (कर्मवाच्य): Subject receives the action. |
| Exam Scope in UPSSSC PET | Direct conversion questions, Sentence Transformation, Error Spotting, and Fill in the Blanks based on voice rules. |
| Exam Weightage | Directly accounts for 1 to 2 Marks under General English in UPSSSC PET syllabus. |
| Golden Conversion Rule | Subject becomes Object, Object becomes Subject, and Main Verb always changes to V3 (Past Participle). |
| Transitive Verb Requirement | Only Transitive Verbs (सकर्मक क्रिया) taking a direct object can be converted into Passive Voice. |
| Non-Convertible Tenses (4 Tenses) | Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous, Future Continuous, and Future Perfect Continuous cannot be changed to Passive. |
| Tense Retention Rule | The Tense of the sentence NEVER changes during voice conversion (unlike Direct/Indirect Speech). |
| Pronoun Conversion Rule | Subject Pronouns change to Object Pronouns: I → me, We → us, He → him, She → her, They → them, Who → whom. |
• Active Structure: Subject (S) + Auxiliary Verb + Main Verb + Object (O)
• Simple Present (V1/V5): Active: `do/does + V1` → Passive: `is/am/are + V3`
• Command / Order: Active: `V1 + Object` → Passive: `Let + Object + be + V3` OR `You are ordered to + V1...`
• Auxiliary Verb Questions (Yes/No): Keep the auxiliary verb at the beginning matching the new subject.
• Modal Auxiliaries (Can/Could/May/Might/Must/Should/Would): Active: `Modal + V1` → Passive: `Modal + be + V3`
• Certain verbs do NOT take the preposition 'by' in Passive Voice; they take fixed prepositions like 'to', 'at', 'with', 'in', 'of'.
| Tense Category | Active Voice Structure | Passive Voice Structure | Practical Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Simple Present | Subject + V1/V5 + Object | Object + is/am/are + V3 + by + Subject | Active: She teaches English. Passive: English is taught by her. |
| Present Continuous | Subject + is/am/are + V4 + Object | Object + is/am/are + being + V3 + by + Subject | Active: He is reading a book. Passive: A book is being read by him. |
| Present Perfect | Subject + has/have + V3 + Object | Object + has/have + been + V3 + by + Subject | Active: They have won the match. Passive: The match has been won by them. |
| Simple Past | Subject + V2 + Object | Object + was/were + V3 + by + Subject | Active: Rohan wrote a letter. Passive: A letter was written by Rohan. |
| Past Continuous | Subject + was/were + V4 + Object | Object + was/were + being + V3 + by + Subject | Active: She was cooking food. Passive: Food was being cooked by her. |
| Past Perfect | Subject + had + V3 + Object | Object + had + been + V3 + by + Subject | Active: We had missed the train. Passive: The train had been missed by us. |
| Simple Future | Subject + will/shall + V1 + Object | Object + will/shall + be + V3 + by + Subject | Active: They will launch a product. Passive: A product will be launched by them. |
| Future Perfect | Subject + will/shall + have + V3 + Object | Object + will/shall + have + been + V3 + by + Subject | Active: He will have finished it. Passive: It will have been finished by him. |
| Sentence Type | Active Pattern | Passive Pattern | Exam-Oriented Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Imperative (Order) | V1 + Object | Let + Object + be + V3 | Active: Post this letter. Passive: Let this letter be posted. |
| Imperative (Advice) | V1 + Object | Object + should + be + V3 | Active: Help the needy. Passive: The needy should be helped. |
| Imperative (Request) | Please/Kindly + V1 + Object | You are requested to + V1 + Object | Active: Please sit down. Passive: You are requested to sit down. |
| Modal Verb | Subject + Modal + V1 + Object | Object + Modal + be + V3 + by + Subject | Active: She can speak French. Passive: French can be spoken by her. |
| Infinitive (To + V1) | Subject + Verb + To + V1 + Object | Subject + Verb + To + be + V3 + by + Object | Active: I want to buy a car. Passive: I want a car to be bought. |
| Double Object Sentence | Subject + Verb + Obj1 (Person) + Obj2 (Thing) | Obj1 + Be-Verb + V3 + Obj2 + by + Sub OR Obj2 + Be-Verb + V3 + to + Obj1 + by + Sub | Active: He gave me a gift. Passive 1: I was given a gift by him. Passive 2: A gift was given to me by him. |
| Quasi-Passive | Subject + Verb + Adjective | Subject + Verb + Adjective + when + Pronoun + is/are + V3 | Active: The rose smells sweet. Passive: The rose is sweet when it is smelled. |
| Phrasal Verbs | Subject + Verb + Preposition + Object | Object + Be-Verb + V3 + Preposition + by + Subject | Active: They laughed at the beggar. Passive: The beggar was laughed at by them. |
| Verb | Required Passive Preposition | Incorrect Passive Usage | Correct Passive Usage |
|---|---|---|---|
| Know / Oblige | to | He is known by me. | He is known to me. |
| Surprise / Astonish / Shock | at (for behavior/event/news) | I was surprised by his result. | I was surprised at his result. |
| Please / Satisfy / Displease | with (for person/things) | She was pleased by my performance. | She was pleased with my performance. |
| Contain / Include / Embody | in | Milk is contained by the jug. | Milk is contained in the jug. |
| Marry | to (in passive voice) | Ram was married with Sita. | Ram was married to Sita. |
| Cover / Line / Decorate | with | The road was covered by snow. | The road was covered with snow. |
| Annoy / Offend | at (something) / with (someone) | He was annoyed by my words. | He was annoyed at my words. |
Regardless of tense, sentence type, or length, the main verb in EVERY Passive Voice sentence must be in Past Participle (V3) form. If an option does not contain V3, eliminate it immediately! Example: A letter is written (V3) by him.
In all continuous tenses (Present Continuous, Past Continuous), look for the keyword 'being' followed by V3. Formula: is/am/are/was/were + BEING + V3. Example: Active: She is singing. → Passive: A song is being sung.
In all perfect tenses (Present Perfect, Past Perfect, Future Perfect), look for the keyword 'been' followed by V3. Formula: has/have/had/will have + BEEN + V3. Example: Active: He had done it. → Passive: It had been done by him.
Instantly mark 'No Passive Voice' or eliminate choices that attempt to convert these 4 tenses: Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous, Future Continuous, and Future Perfect Continuous.
If active question starts with 'Who', passive question MUST start with 'By whom'. If active starts with 'Whom', passive starts with 'Who'. Example: Who wrote Hamlet? → By whom was Hamlet written?
Whenever you see 'Please' or 'Kindly', immediately replace it with 'You are requested to' and drop the word 'Please'. Example: Please help me → You are requested to help me.
Verbs without an object (e.g., go, come, sleep, die, laugh, run, sit) CANNOT be converted into passive voice directly. Example: He sleeps. → No Passive Voice possible.
Never drop the preposition attached to a phrasal verb during transformation! Example: Active: She looked after the baby. → Passive: The baby was looked after by her. (Dropping 'after' is a common exam trap).
Candidates often confuse Voice with Direct-Indirect Speech and change Simple Present into Simple Past. Rule: Tense NEVER changes in Voice! Incorrect: Present Simple → Past Simple. Correct: Present Simple → Present Simple (is/am/are + V3).
Using 'by' after verbs like 'know', 'surprise', 'satisfy', or 'contain'. Incorrect: He is known by me. Correct: He is known to me.
Failing to match the auxiliary verb with the NEW Subject (Passive Subject). Incorrect: He gave me some books. → Some books was given to me. Correct: Some books were given to me.
In interrogatives, putting the subject before the helping verb in passive. Incorrect: Was this book written by whom? Correct: By whom was this book written?
Keeping the word 'Please' even after adding 'You are requested to'. Incorrect: You are requested to please open the door. Correct: You are requested to open the door.
Using 'been' in continuous tenses or 'being' in perfect tenses. Continuous requires BEING (`is being V3`). Perfect requires BEEN (`has been V3`).
Forgetting the prepositions associated with verbs like laugh at, look after, break into. Incorrect: The beggar was laughed by them. Correct: The beggar was laughed at by them.
Active Voice emphasizes the Doer/Subject. Passive Voice emphasizes the Action/Object.
The main verb in passive voice is ALWAYS in V3 (Past Participle) form.
Only sentences containing Transitive Verbs (सकर्मक क्रिया) can be converted into passive.
4 Tenses cannot be transformed: Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous, Future Continuous, Future Perfect Continuous.
Subject Pronouns change to Object Pronouns: I→me, We→us, He→him, She→her, They→them, Who→whom.
All continuous tenses add 'being' before V3 in passive voice.
All perfect tenses add 'been' before V3 in passive voice.
Active: `will/shall + V1` → Passive: `will/shall + be + V3`.
Active: `V1 + Obj` → Passive: `Let + Obj + be + V3`.
Active: `Please + V1 + Obj` → Passive: `You are requested to + V1 + Obj`.
Active: `Who + Verb + Obj?` → Passive: `By whom + Helping Verb + Obj + V3?`.
Verb 'Know' takes 'to' instead of 'by' in passive voice (`Known to`).
Verb 'Surprise' takes 'at' for actions/news (`Surprised at`).
Verb 'Please' takes 'with' for persons/conduct (`Pleased with`).
Check Verb V3 → Check Auxiliary Verb according to Tense → Check New Subject-Verb Agreement → Eliminate wrong options.
UPSSSC PET Exam Strategy: Use option elimination method! First check if the main verb in options is V3. Next check if the tense is unchanged. This eliminates 80% of wrong choices in under 10 seconds.
UPSSSC PET Frequently Tests: 'Known by me' vs 'Known to me'. Always remember that 'know' and 'oblige' take 'to' in passive voice, not 'by'.
Imperative Trap: Options often include 'Please' along with 'You are requested to'. Ensure 'Please' or 'Kindly' is completely removed when using 'requested to'.
Double Object Trick: If a sentence has both direct and indirect objects, prioritizing the indirect object (person) as the new subject usually forms the most natural and preferred answer in PET MCQs.
Phrasal Verb Trap: Options frequently omit prepositions from phrasal verbs (e.g., changing 'looked after by' to 'looked by'). Never drop the verb's original preposition!